Types Global Map of Global Horizontal Radiation Global Map of Direct Normal Radiation The study and measurement of solar irradiance have several important applications, including the prediction of energy generation from solar power plants, the heating and cooling loads of buildings, climate modeling and weather forecasting, passive daytime radiative cooling applications, and space travel. Solar irradiance affects plant metabolism and animal behavior. ![]() Irradiance on the Earth's surface additionally depends on the tilt of the measuring surface, the height of the Sun above the horizon, and atmospheric conditions. Irradiance in space is a function of distance from the Sun, the solar cycle, and cross-cycle changes. Irradiance may be measured in space or at the Earth's surface after atmospheric absorption and scattering. ![]() This integrated solar irradiance is called solar irradiation, solar exposure, solar insolation, or insolation. Solar irradiance is often integrated over a given time period in order to report the radiant energy emitted into the surrounding environment ( joule per square metre, J/m 2) during that time period. Solar irradiance is measured in watts per square metre (W/m 2) in SI units. ![]() Solar irradiance is the power per unit area ( surface power density) received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of the measuring instrument. The top image is the annual mean solar irradiation (or insolation) at the top of Earth's atmosphere (TOA) the bottom image shows the annual insolation reaching the Earth's surface after passing through the atmosphere. Global distribution of incoming shortwave solar radiation averaged over the years 1981–2010 from the CHELSA-BIOCLIM+ data set The shield effect of Earth's atmosphere on solar irradiation.
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